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.fDi-isopropylamine may be dried over calcium hydride and distilled under nitrogen prior to use, but thecompound is available from Aldrich packaged in a Sure-Seal container.gSuch couplings are generally exothermic, for example, the addition of this nickel catalyst to a mixtureof vinylchloride, and 4-chlorophenylmagnesium bromide in ether at 0 C leads after a short inductionperiod to a violent uncontrollable reaction.33 The scale and conditions used here, however, aresufficient to moderate the reaction.hMcCullough recommends the removal of oligomers by Soxhlet extraction with methanol, followed byhexane.31185 D.J.Walton et al.6.ConclusionsThis chapter has provided some examples of the ways in which conjugatedpolymers can be prepared.While the account is not of course exhaustive, andindeed many extremely important synthetic routes have not been included,such as the formation of polyacetylene by the Durham route,34 it does serveto illustrate that the range of synthetic techniques vary from the simple to theextremely sophisticated.Electrochemical synthesis is largely in the formerclassification, however, it does have considerable potential in the design ofmaterials for molecular electronics since it will allow patterns to be formedon the electrode surface.With the continuing demand for new materials bothfor electronic and power distribution needs, it is to be expected that this areawill continue to develop in the foreseeable future.References1.Shirakawa, H.; Ikeda, S.Polym.J.1971, 2, 231.2.(a) Feast, W.J.Chem.Ind.1985, 263.(b) Edwards, J.H.; Feast, W.J.; Bott, D.C.Polymer 1984, 25, 395 398.3.Friend, R.H.; Gymer, R.W.; Holmes, A.B.; Burroughes, J.H.; Marks R.N.;Taliani, C.; Bradley, D.D.C.; Dos Santos, D.A.; Bredas, J.L.; Logdlund, M.;Salaneck, W.R.Nature 1999, 397(6715), 121 128.4.Bocchi, V.; Gardini, G.P.J.Chem.Soc., Chem.Commun.1986, 148.5.Diaz, A.F.; Kanazawa, K.K.; Gardini, G.P.J.Chem.Soc., Chem.Commun.1979, 635.6.Otero, T.F.; Arevalo, A.H.Synth.Met.1994, 66, 25 32.7.Kiani, M.S.; Bhat, N.V.; Davis, F.J.; Mitchell, G.R.Polymer 1992, 33,4113 4120.8.Mitchell, G.R.; Davis, F.J.; Cywinski, R.; Howells, W.S.J.Phys.C: Solid StatePhys.1988, 21, L411 L413.9.Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tachell, A.R.Vogels s Textbookof Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th edn; Longmon Scientific: Essex, UK; 1988.10.Cross, M.G.; Walton, D.; Morse, N.J.; Mortimer, R.J.; Rosseinsky, R.;Simmonds, D.J.J.Electroanal.Chem.1985, 189, 389.11.Armes, S.P.Synth.Met.1987, 20, 365 371.12.(a) Langley, P.J.; Davis, F.J.; Mitchell, G.R.J.Chem.Soc., Perkin Trans.2,1997, 2229.(b) Langley, P.J.; Davis, F.J.; Mitchell, G.R.Mol.Cryst.Liq.Cryst.1993, 236, 225.13.Jego, C.; Agricole, B.; Vicentini, F.; Barrouillet, J.; Mauzac, M.; Mingotaud, C.J.Phys.Chem.1994, 98, 13 408.14.Perin, D.D.; Armarego, W.L.F.Purification of Laboratory Chemicals, 3rd edn;Pergamon: Oxford; 1988.15.Papadopoulos, E.P.; Haider, N.F.Tetrahedron Lett.1968, 14, 1721.16.Chen, Y.; Imrie, C.T.; Ryder, K.S.J.Mater.Chem.2001, 11(4), 990 995.17.Higgins, R.W.T.; Zaidi, N.A.; Monkman, A.P.Adv.Funct.Mater.2001, 11(6),407 412.18.Macinnes, D., Jr.; Funt, B.L.Synth.Met.1988, 25, 235 242.186 6: Conducting polymers from heterocycles19.Fite, C.; Cao, Y.; Heeger, A.J.Solid State Commun.1989, 70, 245 247.20.Tourillon, G.In Handbook of Conducting Polymers; Skotheim, T.A., ed.,Marcel Dekker: New York; 1986.21.Roncali, J.; Yassar, A.; Garnier, F.J.Chem.Soc., Chem.Commun.1988, 581.22.Bryce, M.R.; Chissel, A.; Kathirgamanathan, P.; Parker, D.; Smith, N.R.M.J.Chem.Soc., Chem.Commun.1987, 466 467.23.Hassan, J.; S�vignon, M.; Gozzi, C.; Schulz, E.; Lemaire, M.Chem.Rev.2002,120, 1359 1469.24.Yamamoto, T.; Arai, M.; Kokubo, H.; Sasaki, S.J.Polym.Sci., Part A: Polym.Chem.2003, 41, 1449 1453.25.Coulson, D.R.Inorg.Synth.1972, 13, 121.26.McCullough, R.D.; Lowe, R.D.J.Chem.Soc., Chem.Commun.1992, 70 72.27.Chen, T.A.; Wu, X.M.; Rieke, R.D.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1995, 117, 233 244.28.Mccullough, R.D.; Williams, S.P.; Tristramnagle, S.; Jayaraman, M.;Ewbank, P.C.; Miller, L.Synth.Met.1995, 69(1 3), 279 282.29.Roncali, J.J.Mater.Chem.1999, 9, 1875 1893.30.Dossantos, D.A.; Bredas, J.L.J.Chem.Phys.1991, 95(9), 6567 6575.31.McCollough, R.D.; Lowe, D.L.; Jayaraman, M.; Anderson, D.L.J.Org.Chem.1993, 58, 904 912.32.Casey, M.; Leonard, J.; Lygo, B.; Proctor, G.Advanced Practical OrganicChemistry; Blackie: Glasgow; 1990.33.Kumada, M.; Tamao, K.; Sumitani, K.Organic Synthesis Collective Volumes 6,Noland, W.E., ed., Wiley, NY, 1988, p.407.34.Edwards, J.H.; Feast, W.J.; Bott, D.C.Polymer 1984, 25, 395 398.187 7Some examples of dendrimersynthesisDONALD A.TOMALIA1.IntroductionDendrimers are highly branched macromolecules with unique structuralproperties.They may be thought of as core shell type macromoleculeswherein they amplify their mass and terminal groups as a function ofgrowth stages
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