[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
. tions.These may be located Mandatory force fields preventing impacts between cars as well as the re- about five miles apart.The of-ficers in each tower haverouting and separation of freight and urban traffic were among his othercomplete authority over therecommendations for automated highways.27section of road two and a halfEven though Halprin may have been alienated from the traffic engineers,miles on either side of the.his planning methods resembled those of the technical planners in their reli-From their vantage point theyance on data collection and direction from Washington.To some extent, hiscan see the traffic flowingwritings blended with the large volume of planning documents from this pe- past them, and with their in-struments they can com-riod that attempted holistic reorganization of transportation networks andmunicate with any car inwere often illustrated with fountains, participatory plazas, sunny parks onthe territory under theirtop of urban garages, and stacked roadways running within the sections ofjurisdiction.29skyscrapers, all surrounded by rapidograph vegetation and lit by a rapi- Norman Bel Geddesdograph soleil.28Notes1.Wilfred Owen in U.S.National Resources Planning Board, Transportation and Na-tional Policy (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Of ce, May 1942), 384, 399;Mark H.Rose, Interstate: Express Highway Politics 1941 1956 (Lawrence: RegentsPress of Kansas, 1979), 18.2.Charles L.Dearing and Wilfred Owen, National Transportation Policy (Washington,D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1949), 351 378, 305 315; and Wilfred Owen, The Met-ropolitan Transportation Problem (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1956), 134, 116,156 164, 247, 22.3.The Port of New York Authority, New York Union Motor Truck Terminal: A CompleteService for the Handling of Over-the-Road Common Carrier Freight (New York: ThePort of New York Authority, 1949).4.President of the United States, Interregional Highways, 78th Congress, 2d sessionHouse document no.379 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Of ce, 1944),64 and plates VII, X.5.Ibid., 66, 67 69, 76 77.The 1944 Federal-Aid Highway Act called for the design of|Switch: Terminal, Interchange, Vehicle 110an interstate highway system of 40,000 miles.The recommendations of the Interre-gional Highway Committee would not be part of this legislation.Parking lots andwide rights-of-way were less important than the simple promise of roads and thejobs that accompanied their construction.Mark H.Rose, Interstate: Express HighwayPolitics 1941 1956 (Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1979), 27; Leavitt, 26.6.Egmont Arens, Design for a New Skyway, New York Times Magazine (13 January1946), 18 19.7.Helen Leavitt, Superhighway-Superhoax (New York: Doubleday and Co., 1970), 5960, 106.8.David DeBoer, Piggyback and Containers (San Marino, California: Golden WestBooks, 1992), passim.9.Ibid., 11, 28, 33 41.10.Ibid., 56, 64, 72, 177.11.U.S.Urban Advisors to the Federal Highway Administrator, The Freeway in the City:Principles of Planning and Design, A report to the secretary, Department of Transpor-tation (Washington: U.S.Government Printing Of ce, 1968), 81; and LawrenceHalprin, Freeways (New York: Reinhold Publishing Corp., 1966), 113 148, 95,101, 202 203.12.Geoffrey Jellicoe, Motopia: A Study in the Evolution of Urban Landscape (New York:Praeger, 1961).Both federally and privately funded research teams worked on simi-lar sectional stacking systems.The Romulus project, for instance, conducted by anMIT research team worked on a variety of networks and sectional building struc-tures to accommodate multiple carriers and programs.MIT research team, ProjectRomulus, team concepts for urban highways and urban design; 6 reports, Washing-ton: Highway Research Board, National Research Council, 1968, 29 47.13.Charles Downing Lay, New Town for High Speed Road, Landscape Architect (No-vember 1935), 351 353.14.Frank Lloyd Wright, The Living City (New York: Horizon Press, 1958), 126 129.15.Norman Bel Geddes, Magic Motorways (New York: Random House, 1940), 96 99,121; and Charles Jencks, Modern Movements in Architecture, (Garden City: AnchorPress), 1973, 336.16.Charles F.Kettering, As Ket Sees It: A Series of Radio Talks by C.F.Kettering of Gen-eral Motors (Detroit: General Motors Corporation, January 16, 1944), New YorkPublic Library.17.Electronic Highway of the Future, Science Digest, 46 (October 1959):32 5;Automobiles that Drive Themselves, Dwight Baumann, Dual-Mode Systems,Carnegie-Mellon Conference on Advanced Urban Transportation Systems, Pitts-burgh National Technical Information Service 1970, 23 31.18.Dwight Baumann, Dual-Mode Systems, Carnegie-Mellon Conference, 23 31.19.Francois Giraud, Tracked Air Cushion Vehicles, Carnegie-Mellon Conference onHigh Speed Ground Transportation (Pittsburgh: Transportation Research Institute,Camegie-Mellon University, 1969).20.Bruno Latour, Aramis of the Love of Technology (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univer-sity Press, 1996).Latour s book is a science ction novel about the desire for animpossible emblem of modernity.21
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]